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Despite the successful H-3 airbase attack in addition to other air attacks , the Iranian Air Force was forced to cancel its successful day air offensive. In addition, they abandoned their attempted control of Iranian airspace. They had been seriously weakened by sanctions and pre-war purges and further damaged by a fresh purge after the impeachment crisis of President Banisadr. The Iranian air force would henceforth fight on the defensive, trying to deter the Iraqis rather than engaging them.
While throughout — the Iraqi air force would remain weak, within the next few years they would rearm and expand again, and begin to regain the strategic initiative. The Iranians suffered from a shortage of heavy weapons, [88] : but had a large number of devoted volunteer troops, so they began using human wave attacks against the Iraqis. Typically, an Iranian assault would commence with poorly trained Basij who would launch the primary human wave assaults to swamp the weakest portions of the Iraqi lines en masse on some occasions even bodily clearing minefields.
According to historian Stephen C. Pelletiere, the idea of Iranian "human wave attacks" was a misconception. As the squads surged forward to execute their missions, that gave the impression of a "human wave attack".
Nevertheless, the idea of "human wave attacks" remained virtually synonymous with any large-scale infantry frontal assault Iran carried out. According to the former Iraqi general Ra'ad al-Hamdani , the Iranian human wave charges consisted of armed "civilians" who carried most of their necessary equipment themselves into battle and often lacked command and control and logistics.
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Once a weak point was found, the Iranians would concentrate all of their forces into that area in an attempt to break through with human wave attacks. The human wave attacks, while extremely bloody tens of thousands of troops died in the process , [] when used in combination with infiltration and surprise, caused major Iraqi defeats. As the Iraqis would dig in their tanks and infantry into static, entrenched positions, the Iranians would manage to break through the lines and encircle entire divisions.
After the Iraqi offensive stalled in March , there was little change in the front other than Iran retaking the high ground above Susangerd in May. Using a large number of tanks, helicopters, and fighter jets, they attacked the Iranian buildup around the Roghabiyeh pass. Though Saddam and his generals assumed they had succeeded, in reality the Iranian forces remained fully intact. The concentration of forces did not resemble a traditional military buildup, and although the Iraqis detected a population buildup near the front, they failed to realize that this was an attacking force.
On 22 March , Iran launched an attack which took the Iraqi forces by surprise: using Chinook helicopters , they landed behind Iraqi lines, silenced their artillery, and captured an Iraqi headquarters. Though they took heavy losses, they eventually broke through Iraqi lines. The Revolutionary Guard and regular army followed up by surrounding the Iraqi 9th and 10th Armoured and 1st Mechanised Divisions that had camped close to the Iranian town of Shush.
The Iraqis launched a counter-attack using their 12th Armoured division to break the encirclement and rescue the surrounded divisions. Iraqi tanks came under attack by 95 Iranian F-4 Phantom and F-5 Tiger fighter jets, destroying much of the division. The Iranian armed forces destroyed — Iraqi tanks and armored vehicles in a costly success.
In just the first day of the battle, the Iranians lost tanks. In preparation for Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas , the Iranians had launched numerous air raids against Iraq air bases, destroying 47 jets including Iraq's brand new Mirage F-1 fighter jets from France ; this gave the Iranians air superiority over the battlefield while allowing them to monitor Iraqi troop movements.
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On 29 April, Iran launched the offensive. The Basij launched human wave attacks, which were followed up by the regular army and Revolutionary Guard support along with tanks and helicopters. By 12 May, Iran had driven out all Iraqi forces from the Susangerd area. The Iraqis retreated to the Karun River, with only Khorramshahr and a few outlying areas remaining in their possession.
The Iraqis created a hastily constructed defence line around the city and outlying areas. Saddam Hussein even visited Khorramshahr in a dramatic gesture, swearing that the city would never be relinquished. In the early morning hours of 23 May , the Iranians began the drive towards Khorramshahr across the Karun River.
The Iranians hit the Iraqis with destructive air strikes and massive artillery barrages, crossed the Karun River, captured bridgeheads , and launched human wave attacks towards the city. Saddam's defensive barricade collapsed; [75] in less than 48 hours of fighting, the city fell and 19, Iraqis surrendered to the Iranians.
A total of 10, Iraqis were killed or wounded in Khorramshahr, while the Iranians suffered 30, casualties. The fighting had battered the Iraqi military: its strength fell from , to , troops; over 20, Iraqi soldiers were killed and over 30, captured; two out of four active armoured divisions and at least three mechanised divisions fell to less than a brigade's strength; and the Iranians had captured over tanks and armoured personnel carriers. The Iraqi Air Force was also left in poor shape: after losing up to 55 aircraft since early December , they had only intact fighter-bombers and interceptors.
A defector who flew his MiG to Syria in June revealed that the Iraqi Air Force had only three squadrons of fighter-bombers capable of mounting operations into Iran. The Iraqi Army Air Corps was in slightly better shape, and could still operate more than 70 helicopters. At this point, Saddam believed that his army was too demoralised and damaged to hold onto Khuzestan and major swathes of Iranian territory, and withdrew his remaining forces, redeploying them in defence along the border.
The virulent Iranian campaign, which at its peak seemed to be making the overthrow of the Saudi regime a war aim on a par with the defeat of Iraq, did have an effect on the Kingdom [of Saudi Arabia], but not the one the Iranians wanted: instead of becoming more conciliatory, the Saudis became tougher, more self-confident, and less prone to seek compromise.
Iraq began receiving support from the United States and west European countries as well. Saddam was given diplomatic, monetary, and military support by the United States, including massive loans, political influence, and intelligence on Iranian deployments gathered by American spy satellites.
With Iranian success on the battlefield, the United States increased its support of the Iraqi government, supplying intelligence, economic aid, and dual-use equipment and vehicles, as well as normalizing its intergovernmental relations which had been broken during the Six-Day War. In , Reagan removed Iraq from the list of countries "supporting terrorism" and sold weapons such as howitzers to Iraq via Jordan. Both the United States and West Germany sold Iraq dual-use pesticides and poisons that would be used to create chemical [] and other weapons, such as Roland missiles. At the same time, the Soviet Union, angered with Iran for purging and destroying the communist Tudeh Party , sent large shipments of weapons to Iraq.
Iraq also replenished their stocks of small arms and anti-tank weapons such as AKs and rocket-propelled grenades from its supporters. The depleted tank forces were replenished with more Soviet and Chinese tanks, and the Iraqis were reinvigorated in the face of the coming Iranian onslaught. Iran was portrayed as the aggressor, and would be seen as such until the — Persian Gulf War, when Iraq would be condemned.
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Iran did not have the money to purchase arms to the same extent as Iraq did. They counted on China, North Korea , Libya , Syria , and Japan for supplying anything from weapons and munitions to logistical and engineering equipment. On 20 June , Saddam announced that he wanted to sue for peace and proposed an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal from Iranian territory within two weeks. The decision to invade Iraq was taken after much debate within the Iranian government. Iran also hoped that their attacks would ignite a revolt against Saddam's rule by the Shia and Kurdish population of Iraq, possibly resulting in his downfall.
They were successful in doing so with the Kurdish population, but not the Shia. At a cabinet meeting in Baghdad, Minister of Health Riyadh Ibrahim Hussein suggested that Saddam could step down temporarily as a way of easing Iran towards a ceasefire, and then afterwards would come back to power. When no one raised their hand in support, he escorted Riyadh Hussein to the next room, closed the door, and shot him with his pistol.
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For the most part, Iraq remained on the defensive for the next five years, unable and unwilling to launch any major offensives, while Iran launched more than 70 offensives. Iraq's strategy changed from holding territory in Iran to denying Iran any major gains in Iraq as well as holding onto disputed territories along the border.
By the end of , Iraq had been resupplied with new Soviet and Chinese materiel , and the ground war entered a new phase. Iraq used newly acquired T, T and T tanks as well as Chinese copies , BM truck-mounted rocket launchers, and Mi helicopter gunships to prepare a Soviet-type three-line defence, replete with obstacles such as barbed wire, minefields, fortified positions and bunkers. The Combat Engineer Corps built bridges across water obstacles, laid minefields, erected earthen revetments, dug trenches, built machinegun nests, and prepared new defence lines and fortifications.
Iraq began to focus on using defense in depth to defeat the Iranians. Iraqi air and artillery attacks would then pin the Iranians down, while tanks and mechanised infantry attacks using mobile warfare would push them back. While Iranian human wave attacks were successful against the dug in Iraqi forces in Khuzestan, they had trouble breaking through Iraq's defense in depth lines. In addition, Iran's military power was weakened once again by large purges in , resulting from another supposedly attempted coup.
Iran–Iraq War
The Iranian generals wanted to launch an all-out attack on Baghdad and seize it before the weapon shortages continued to manifest further. Instead, that was rejected as being unfeasible, [84] and the decision was made to capture one area of Iraq after the other in the hopes that a series of blows delivered foremost by the Revolutionary Guards Corps would force a political solution to the war including Iraq withdrawing completely from the disputed territories along the border.
The Iranians planned their attack in southern Iraq, near Basra. Over , Revolutionary Guards and Basij volunteer forces charged towards the Iraqi lines. Iran's Revolutionary Guards also used the T tanks they had captured in earlier battles. However, the attacks came to a halt and the Iranians turned to defensive measures. Seeing this, Iraq used their Mi helicopters, along with Gazelle helicopters armed with Euromissile HOT , against columns of Iranian mechanised infantry and tanks. These "hunter-killer" teams of helicopters, which had been formed with the help of East German advisors, proved to be very costly for the Iranians.
On 16 July, Iran tried again further north and managed to push the Iraqis back.