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Finally, researchers interviewed 18 sports lawyers, team managers, academic experts, journalists, and parents of athletes. To identify individuals who were willing to speak with Human Rights Watch about their experiences as child athletes, Human Rights Watch conducted outreach through Japanese NGOs and advocates for athlete rights in Japan. The World Players Association and their Japanese affiliates partnered with Human Rights Watch for this report and supplied contacts, expertise, and outreach central to this study, including introductions to sports federations and individual athletes who experienced abuse.

Some of our first interviewees connected us to friends or former teammates who were willing to speak with us about their experiences as child athletes. Some of our interviewees were identified through a solicitation form at the end of an online survey.

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The survey was used to collect basic data about experiences of child athlete abuse, as well as to invite survey participants to a subsequent, in-depth interview with Human Rights Watch researchers. The survey is not representative of all current or former child athletes.

It provides data that only represents those who completed it. Still, this data is indicative of certain issues or trends in abuse. The digital survey received responses from current and former child athletes, representing at least 50 different sports and 45 different prefectures.

These athletes ranged between 10 and 73 years old. Of these athletes, 50 percent were 24 years old or younger. The median age of survey respondents was Of the respondents, identified as male, identified as female, 5 identified as transgender, 1 identified as other, and 2 preferred not to say. No compensation was paid to either survey respondents or those who participated in interviews.

Interviews were primarily conducted in Japanese, with Japanese-English interpretation. When possible, interviews were conducted face-to-face; however, several interviews were conducted online, over video-conference, especially between March and June due to restrictions imposed by the Covid pandemic. Interviewees were informed that they could stop the interview at any time or decline to answer any questions they did not feel comfortable answering.

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Trauma support resources were provided to all interview subjects. For privacy reasons, pseudonyms are used for all current and former child athlete interviewees, except for a small number of adults, who chose to be identified.

Human Rights Watch also gathered information via data requests to and meetings with sports organizations. Information was requested from 13 sports organizations, of whom 5 responded with some data; 4 organizations responded saying they could not provide any data; and 4 organizations did not respond at all.

For each sports organization, the data request inquired about the number of child abuse reports received, the number of child abuse investigations conducted, and the outcomes of these investigations. Human Rights Watch also asked for any guidelines each sports organization had for preventing or addressing child athlete abuse. To assess the effectiveness of abuse reporting systems, Human Rights Watch researchers examined the reporting systems of 14 Japanese sports organizations.

Human Rights Watch also monitored news articles on child athlete abuse in Japan from January 12 to June 12, From this monitoring, we found reports of at least 39 individual abuse cases which occurred between and The forms of abuse reported were: physical abuse, verbal abuse, bullying among teammates, sexual harassment, and other forms of harassment.

Human Rights Watch also reviewed academic research documenting the history, prevalence, dynamics, and impact of child athlete abuse in Japan and beyond. I am tired of being beaten. I am tired of crying. The above quote is taken from a suicide note, written by a year-old female javelin thrower in the early s.

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Just before her death, she had qualified for the national championships. But, before being able to compete in the event, she took her own life, saying that she could no longer cope with the physical abuse inflicted by her coach. Makoto Y. I was not allowed to drink water [during practices] We needed to practice for no reason. Athletes would be slapped and … I was practicing out of fear. Tetsuya O. This kind of intimidating coaching style happened so often in any high school.

Despite the severity of the abuse experienced, several interviewees perceived that their coaches were acting with their best interests in mind. They were light hits Even players who described severe abuse spoke of how the violence was intermingled with love. Naoko D. In some cases, abuse of child athletes has directly resulted in life-long injury or death.

For example, in , a year-old boy from Yokohama had skipped judo practice; his coach found him and made him spar one-on-one.

According to the boy's mother, the coach choked her son until he lost consciousness; and then hit him to wake him up and choked him again when he briefly regained consciousness. The injury caused internal bleeding in the boy's brain, resulting in life-long cognitive impairment. Experts agree that physical abuse in Japanese sport has a long history, and some have tied abuse in sport to the militarism that came into school education in the WWII era.

In a study, researchers conducted focus groups with Japanese university students aged Japanese and English participants had a similar level of acceptance of the verbal punishment scenario. But, in the physical punishment scenario, English participants perceived the use of physical punishment as far less acceptable, while Japanese participants perceived the use of physical punishment as almost equally acceptable to the use of verbal punishment.

This was true for both player and coach participants.

Despite this long history of physical violence against child athletes and its perceived normalcy, prominent voices for change have emerged. In December , a year-old high school basketball player in Osaka took his own life after suffering repeated physical abuse at the hands of his coach. The boy left a suicide note which said that he could no longer stand being physically abused by his coach.

In a joint statement, the 15 women wrote:. These complaints, which the athletes made anonymously for fear of retaliation, were initially ignored by the national judo federation, so the athletes escalated it to the Japanese Olympic Committee JOC , which then took action against the coach. These two cases served as the impetus for reform efforts in Japanese sport for more about those reforms, see Section IV below , and were often cited by interviewees as a turning point in how physical abuse in sport is perceived in Japan.

While there is a perception that the abuse of child athletes by coaches is on the decline in Japan, Human Rights Watch documented numerous cases indicating it is ongoing and still common. As documented below, our interviewing and surveying of current and former child athletes uncovered an alarming level of ongoing physical abuse in sport. Given the underreporting of child abuse in Japan and beyond, we know there are many cases of abuse that have not come to our attention.

The continued lack of accountability for abusive coaches, documented later in this report, also suggests the ongoing acceptance of physical abuse as a coaching tactic. The Japanese government does not keep or make available comprehensive data on the current or historical prevalence of child athlete abuse in Japan, and hence there is no way to quantify its prevalence. They also employ different methodologies and inquire about different experiences.

JOC surveyed approximately 2, child and adult athletes affiliated with national sports federations, and found that There are more recent numbers on reported instances of child athlete abuse that come from sports organizations themselves.

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For example, the Japan Sport Association JSPO operates its own hotline for the reporting of athlete abuse, and this hotline received reports from November to March It is important to note that there is strong consensus among both international and domestic experts that child abuse is an underreported crime across the globe and in Japan. This is due to a number of factors, including the stigma of abuse, fear of retribution from the abuser or the team, and societal norms.

This is as true of child abuse in sport as in other settings. These shortcomings in the available data mean that there is no clear measure of how many child athletes experience abuse in Japan today.

Despite the lack of concrete evidence, some perceive that child athlete abuse in Japan is on the decline; this is attributed to changing social norms, namely, that the use of physical violence against child athletes is less acceptable than it once was. Kenta K. Coaches know about this new environment.

So, coaches should be careful about how they are treating their players. Interviewees identified media coverage, in particular the rise of social media, as another primary reason for why physical violence in sport is less acceptable today. Hajime W. When we were little, [it was] something being done daily, everywhere. It was not made public at that time. Then it started to come out in the media, and those coaches started to be punished. Even as some perceive norms changing, child athlete abuse remains prevalent in Japan, as documented below. The incidents of child athlete abuse documented below focus on physical violence in sport that has no connection to regular training or competition.

While there are some contact sports that inherently involve physical violence between competitors, this report is focused on physical abuse that occurs outside the field of play. We also documented incidents of sexual abuse and verbal abuse. When it comes to verbal abuse, we included any insult or threat reported as abuse by interviewees or survey respondents. Of the commonly experienced forms of physical abuse, the most overtly violent is when coaches strike players with their hands, feet, or other objects. Of respondents 24 and younger, 19 percent indicated that they had been hit, punched, slapped, kicked, knocked to the ground, or beaten with an object while participating in sports.

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These experiences occurred in at least 22 different sports and at least 26 prefectures. Shota C. Tsukuru U. Yuma T. This was in my second year of high school; I was 17 years old. Basically, that happened when I missed a play. Daiki A. Keisuke W. He said:.

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There have also been high profile cases of this type of abuse documented in the media. According to this rule, players on the team were not allowed to date other members of the volleyball team. When the coach discovered that one of the players was dating a female student manager, he made the player kneel on the ground, and repeatedly kicked the player in the chest.

In , a video surfaced in the media showing a high school baseball coach repeatedly slapping, punching, and kicking the players on his team. The team was from Aichi prefecture. In the video, the coach is seen striking at least five different players, while the rest of the team stands in a line and watches. The punches and kicks delivered by the coach are clearly forceful, frequently causing the players to stagger backwards. Current and former child athletes spoke to Human Rights Watch about being forced to eat excessive amounts of food, or having food and water withheld. Of survey respondents 24 and younger, 25 percent reported being forced to eat excessive amounts of food, and 7 percent reported that they were not provided with enough food or water during competition.

These experiences occurred in at least 22 different sports and at least 27 different prefectures. Kaoru Z. He told Human Rights Watch about his coach, who often denies players water during games and practices when he is angry with the players. If you wanted to participate in the national competition you needed to finish your daily meal.

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