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The mean age of all participants at the month follow-up was Analysis of the follow-up data using the Student's t-test and chi-square test revealed no significant differences in demographic characteristics or attrition rates between the two groups. The mean age at first sex was Those who reported using condoms in the past three months said they did so an average of 2. Table 2 shows mean frequency of use of condoms or other contraceptives in the last three months, as well as mean social desirability. The authors also examined whether gender and social desirability moderated the effects of the intervention.
Gender did not moderate the effects of the intervention on age at first sex or condom or other contraceptive use at first sex i. Similarly, social desirability did not moderate the intervention's effect on the use of condoms or other contraceptives at first intercourse.
However, social desirability did predict the intervention's effect on age at first sex. Results indicate that the intervention significantly affected age at first sex, condom use at first sex, and other contraceptive use at first sex. This was consistent with the statistical significance of the test. While the OR of 1. According to the results of the current study, these significant effects on sexual behavior and the use of condoms or other contraceptives at first intercourse were not sustained 48 months after the intervention.
On the other hand, the month follow-up period may have been too long. Few studies have assessed the impact of interventions beyond 12 months. Regardless of the effect of these potential constraints, current findings suggest the need for continued focus on developing adolescent skills and attitudes to promote safer sex behavior.
As adolescents develop and mature, changes in their relationship status and concerns about marriage, pregnancy, and career may have a strong influence on their sexual behavior. Adolescents must be provided with opportunities to develop and enhance sexual decision-making refusal and partner negotiation skills and the ability to adapt and apply them to different situations.
Sexual risk behaviors, like other risk behaviors, are the product of participation in a specific social context. Therefore, an understanding of how different social contexts affect attitudes and behaviors is needed to develop effective sexual risk reduction interventions 24, Findings from this study also point to the need to explore the impact of structural influences e. Other important findings from this study were that 1 the effects of the intervention were similar for males and females and 2 social desirability did not interact with the effects of the intervention on condom or other contraceptive use at first sex.
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- BACKGROUND.
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- FEATURE STORY.
More difficult to interpret is the finding that social desirability predicted the effects of the intervention in relation to age at first sex. This finding suggests that those in the intervention group with low to moderate social desirability reported an older age at first sex than those with similar levels of social desirability in the control group. The authors did not conduct a factor analysis of the scale and could not determine whether study participants' statements reflected the attributes or denial factors, as has been previously reported 10, Nor is it clear whether participants viewed having had sex or being older at first sex as socially desirable responses.
The authors included the measure of social desirability to increase confidence in the self-report measures and to examine whether adolescents were unduly influenced in their responses by the need to be socially accepted.
Background Recent evidence points to the apparent increase of HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in different settings. In , Mexico implemented an ambitious HIV prevention program in all major cities, funded by the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis.
Some researchers 21 suggest that the use of a measure of social desirability scores either has no effect on or dilutes the relation between self-report and objective criteria. In any case, findings warrant further study. It is important to note several limitations of this study. First, it is not clear from this study at what point adolescents stopped using condoms or other contraceptives, or, more importantly, what factors contributed to this behavior. The large gap between the and month follow-up assessments makes it difficult to determine where changes occurred.
Second, there is the possibility of bias in the use of self-report measures. The moderator effect of social desirability on the response related to age at first sex may indicate some bias, but the meaning of this finding is not clear. Despite these limitations, the study is significant given the few behavioral interventions that have been developed and shown to be efficacious with Latino or Mexican youth. Results of this study have important implications in the design of efficacious interventions for Mexican adolescents and contribute to the science related to the frequency, type, and timing of behavioral interventions needed to prevent STIs, including HIV, among adolescents.
In addition, the lack of sustainability of individual-focused behavioral interventions underscores the importance of government policies as well as school and community efforts to support safer sexual behavior and, ultimately, reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancies, and STIs, including HIV. The authors would like to acknowledge Maria Antonieta Olivera, for her contribution to the implementation of the follow-up study, and Taryn Gal, for her assistance in the preparation and editing of this article. The authors would also like to acknowledge the project staff, project assistants, community members, families, and adolescents who supported the current research.
This project was supported by grant No. Villarruel, principal investigator. World Bank. World development report development and the next generation. Overview [Internet]. Washington: World Bank; [cited Oct 8]. J Sex Res. Pick S, Givaudan M. AIDS Behav.
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Fam Community Health. Does the promotion and distribution of condoms increase teen sexual activity? Evidence from an HIV prevention program for Latino youth. Am J Public Health. A randomized controlled trial testing an HIV prevention intervention for Latino youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Bandura A. Perceived self-efficacy. Primary prevention of AIDS: psychological approaches. Newbury Park CA : Sage; Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.
Am Psychol. Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior.
Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Reading MA : Addison- Wesley; Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In: Kuhl J, Beckmann J, editors. Action-control: from cognition to behavior. Heidelberg: Springer; Salud Publica Mex. Cuidate facilitators curriculum.
BACKGROUND
New York: Select Media; Designing a culturally based intervention to reduce HIV sexual risk for Latino adolescents. Andrews P, Meyer RG. J Clin Psychol. Loo R, Thorpe K. Confirmatory factory analyses of the full and short versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. J Soc Psychol.
J Sex Res. Women and girls continued to face gender-based violence, including killings. The development of such guidelines should ensure the effective participation of HIV experts, people living with HIV, and other key stakeholders. In November , Fernado Mayans, Senator for the state of Tabasco and representing the Party of the Democratic Revolution PRD , presented a proposal of changes to the Federal Civil Code in which marriage would be defined as "the free union of two people". If mail is considered contraband it may be thrown out or returned to Sero. Anybody else? April-June
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; Framing the sexual subject: the politics of gender, sexuality, and power.
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Berkeley: University of California Press; Prevalence among sex workers is 3. Colectivo Sol provided Atlacatl with the foundations of the model of community-based organisation CBO support they had developed for Mexico through a series of workshops and assisted with the design of their technical assistance strategy. Within a year Atlacatl has already achieved important steps in its work with these local organisations, including:.
To facilitate the rapid roll out of the programme in five new countries the next phase of the project will focus on sex workers, including work with transgender sex workers.
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Two new partners will bring their regional networks and national representatives into the project to deliver Vida Digna in Honduras, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guatemala. Established in , the regional network is managed by the sex workers themselves, and has members in 15 countries. Redtrasex was created to defend the human and working rights of female sex workers FSW , to eliminate the stigma and discrimination associated with sex work and to achieve participation and leadership of FSW in defining and implementing public policies and programmes which affect them, with a particular focus on issues relating to HIV.
The stigma and criminalisation associated with sex work are a barrier to sex workers being able to access health systems, prevention, care and treatment programmes, which increases their vulnerability to HIV. Redlactrans was established in in response to the lack of visibility and representation of the trans community in Latin America and today has representatives in 17 Latin American countries including Honduras and in the organisations Reinas de la Noche in Guatemala and Arco Iris in El Salvador. Since Redlactrans has received support from the Alliance on strategic planning and in strengthening its capacity and has received technical, administrative and financial support from Redtrasex.
The regional Vida Digna programme will work to avchieve four main objectives over the next three years January — December :.