Secret gay hookup Bandar-e Abbas Iran
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In February a judge released two Muslims who had killed a Bahai citing a religious authority to the effect that Bahai blood may be shed with impunity. The judge based his ruling on the late Ayatollah Khomeini's fatwa edict that a Muslim will not be killed for killing an apostate. According to Amnesty International, Haji Mohammad Ziaie, a Sunni Muslim leader from Bandar-Abbas, known to be critical of government policies, was found dead in suspicious circumstances in July. He had been summoned for interrogation by security forces in Laar, Fars province on July 15, and he was never been seen alive again.
These incidents appear to illustrate the growing strength of militant forces within the Islamic leadership. The persecution of religious minorities, which received widespread media attention in the West, worked directly against the interests of others in the government who had hoped to normalize relations with the West. One of the few remaining public voices of dissent in Iran appeared to have been silenced with the detention in Tehran in March of Ali Akbar Saidi-Sirjani.
The arrest of Saidi-Sirjani, a prolific writer, further narrowed the scope of expression in the Islamic Republic.
Human Rights Report: Iran | U.S. Virtual Embassy Iran
Since , the authorities have imposed a complete ban on all of Saidi-Sirjani's seventeen volumes of essays and social commentary. The writer responded to this muzzling by circulating open letters to the authorities, courageously denouncing censorship and the lack of freedom in Iran.
A month after his arrest the authorities produced an alleged confession they attributed to Saidi-Sirjani, of a wide range of crimes "conspiring to defame the Islamic regime and its founders. At the end of the year Mr. Saidi-Sirjani's status was unclear. Iran's news media, too, suffered strict controls and editors and journalists faced arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.
For example, in April, Abbas Abdi, edito- in-chief of the newspaper Salam, and a frequent critic of President Rafsanjani's policies, was released after serving ten months of a one year sentence on payment of a bond. In June, the Press Council, a government appointed body, announced the withdrawal of the right of publication of a magazine, Havades, which it deemed "obscene and empty.
In a public sermon, Ayatollah Meshkini said "if even a religious leader issues a fatwa, and [the current leader] issues a ruling, the latter takes precedence. For conservative Muslims, any countervailing fatwa he may issue on the Rushdie case would be unlikely to gain mass support. In addition President Rafsanjani in his interview with Le Figaro, in September, said "there is no question of pardon in Rushdie's case, because the fatwa was pronounced against him.
One cannot reverse this. It is not in the interests of the West to protect someone who has insulted a billion Muslims. Before the bill passed, the Head of the Judiciary announced that judges may order the removal of satellite dishes in order to halt the spread of "corruption. There were conflicting signals for women in Iran, and increasing arbitrary harassment.
In December , the government lifted all restrictions on what women can study in the nation's universities.
COUNTRY OVERVIEW
On the other hand, single women were still banned from traveling abroad to study. In April parliament ratified a bill concerning the selection of judges enabling qualified women to work as assessors in administrative tribunals, and in other low-level judicial positions. This was the first time since that women were permitted by law to work as judges of any kind. Such small advances for women had to be weighed against a constant barrage of arbitrary restrictions.
For example, in June the police issued a statement condemning women's smiles as something which could arouse corruption in men. In September, the daily newspaper Jomhuri-e-Islami reported on a meeting of officials in which the Minister of the Interior had called for no toleration of non-compliance with the Islamic dress code Bad Hejabe.
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He also condemned women who ride motorcycles with men as disrespectful of Islamic principles. Public discontent over economic and other conditions led to riots in Iranian cities.
Education is compulsory for five years of primary school. Vahid had been sentenced to three years imprisonment plus execution and was held in section 4 of the prison. Also levied are real estate taxes, municipal taxes, and a levy on expatriate salaries. Iranian officials looking to hit back at the U. Prisoners generally had access to visitors and telephone and other correspondence privileges weekly, but authorities often revoked these privileges.
Serious public demonstrations, leading to violent confrontations between demonstrators and the security forces, took place in Tehran, Zahedan, Qom, Qazvin, Tabriz, Najafabad and many other cities. In March, people in Tehran clashed with security forces who had been ordered to suppress all public manifestations of the traditional "fire-day" observances which mark the Iranian new year. Leader of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Khamenei, condemned such manifestations as "atheist celebrations. In August, in Tabriz, the capital of Iranian Azerbaijan, hundreds of angry demonstrators were arrested and some were reported killed in protests after the Basij militia attacked young women who had mixed with young men at the end of a soccer match.
The government's interpretation of Islamic rules forbid social mixing of men and women. According to Middle East International, Qazvin, an industrial town kilometers west of the capital, was the scene of social unrest and virtual insurrection in August. After the rejection by parliament of a bill to promote the status of the surrounding district to a province, thousands of Qazvinis poured into the streets of the city to show their frustration. The peaceful demonstration deteriorated into violent confrontations as soon as non-native security forces were rushed to the scene with orders to open fire to disperse demonstrators.
At least thirty people were killed, wounded and over 1, arrested.
The Persian Gulf in History
Putting down the riot in Qazvin, turned out to be one act of repression too many for some members of Iran's army. Four generals who claimed to be speaking on behalf of the whole of the armed forces including the Pasdaran Revolutionary Guards , which are generally considered more loyal to the Islamic leadership, warned the political leadership that the army could "no longer remain silent" while the country was threatened by "aggression from outside and disintegration from within.
Authorities require Afghans to obtain documentation from their embassy or government offices in Afghanistan to register their marriage in the country, according to media reporting. Due to documentation restraints, there are no accurate numbers on how many stateless persons reside in the country. Stateless persons include those without birth documents or refugee identification cards. They are subjected to inconsistent government policies and rely on charities, principally domestic, to provide medical care and schooling.
Authorities prohibited stateless persons from receiving formal government support or travel documents. Women may not directly transmit citizenship to their children or to noncitizen spouses. According to media reports, between , and one million persons lacked Iranian nationality despite having an Iranian citizen mother due to limitations on citizenship transmission. The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose the president, as well as members of the Assembly of Experts and Islamic Consultative Assembly parliament , peacefully through elections based on universal suffrage, but candidate vetting conducted by unelected bodies abridged this right in all instances.
Death Penalty in Iran: Legislations and procedures
The Assembly of Experts, which is composed of 86 popularly elected clerics who serve eight-year terms, elects the supreme leader, who acts as the recognized head of state and may be removed only by a vote of the assembly. The council consists of six clerics appointed by the supreme leader and six jurists nominated by the head of the judiciary and approved by parliament.
There is no separation of state and religion, and certain clerics had significant influence in the government. Prior to the elections, the Guardian Council disqualified 79 percent of the candidates running for the Assembly of Experts including all female candidates and 58 percent running for the Islamic Consultative Assembly, with media reporting only 1 percent of registered reformist candidates were allowed to run. Voter turnout for the election was around 62 percent, and runoff elections for those seats where no candidate won an outright majority were held in May. Outside observers were not permitted to monitor the elections, but media reporting indicated that there was no apparent vote tampering.
In voters elected Hassan Rouhani president. The Interior Ministry announced that Rouhani won The Guardian Council approved eight candidates for president from individuals who registered as candidates. It did not approve any female registrants. The UN special rapporteur reported that several candidates were excluded because of involvement in postelection protests in Registered political organizations that adhered to the system generally operated without restriction, but most were small, focused around an individual, and without nationwide membership.
Members of political parties and persons with any political affiliation that the regime deemed unacceptable faced harassment, violence, and sometimes imprisonment. The government maintained bans on several opposition organizations and political parties. Security officials continued to harass, intimidate, and arrest members of the political opposition and some reformists see section 1.
Participation of Women and Minorities : Women faced significant legal, religious, and cultural barriers to political participation. In the Guardian Council disqualified all 30 women who registered as presidential candidates.
Practitioners of religions other than Shia Islam are barred from serving as supreme leader or president and from membership in the Assembly of Experts, the Guardian Council, or the Expediency Council. The law reserves five seats in parliament for members of recognized minority religious groups, although minorities can also be elected to nonreserved seats. The five reserved seats were filled by one Zoroastrians, one Jew, and three Christians.
There were no non-Muslims in the cabinet or on the Supreme Court. The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, but the government did not implement the law effectively, and corruption was a serious and ubiquitous problem. Officials in all branches of government frequently engaged in corrupt practices with impunity. Many officials expected bribes for providing routine services or received bonuses outside their regular work.
Individuals routinely bribed officials to obtain permits for illegal construction. Government insiders, including members of the military and clergy, ran these tax-exempt organizations, which are defined under law as charities. Members of the political opposition and international corruption watchdog organizations frequently accused bonyads of corruption.
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Bonyads received benefits from the government, but no government agency must publicly approve their budgets. Numerous companies and subsidiaries affiliated with the IRGC engaged in trade and business activities, sometimes illicitly, in the telecommunications, mining, and construction sectors. Other IRGC entities reportedly engaged in smuggling pharmaceutical products, narcotics, and raw materials.
Local media reported on October 31 that a special court for civil servants had reached a verdict against former Social Security Organization SSO Head Saeed Mortazavi for alleged financial wrongdoings. Charges against Mortazavi include selling stakes in SSO-owned companies at a below-market price of more than 32 trillion rials four billion dollars to a holding company owned by jailed billionaire Babak Zanjani; giving gift cards to dozens of government officials and members of parliament; and paying 1.
Financial Disclosure : Regulations require government officials, including cabinet ministers and members of the Guardian Council, the Expediency Council, and the Assembly of Experts, to submit annual financial statements to the government inspectorate. Little information was available on whether the government effectively implemented the law, whether officials obeyed the law, or whether financial statements were publicly accessible.
Government officials capped salaries for public employees and politicians after leaked salary pay slips of government officials exposed high salaries and unregistered bonuses, according to local media. Public Access to Information : While parliament has a centralized website with the docket of pending legislation, lists of committee representation, and voting patterns, the law does not mandate public access to government information. Some government agencies maintain websites documenting their activities, but they published only those documents they selected, and there is no public mechanism for forcing open records of activity for public review.
The government restricted the work of human rights groups and activists and often responded to their inquiries and reports with harassment, arrests, online hacking, and monitoring of individual activists and organization workplaces. The government restricted the operations of and did not cooperate with local or international human rights NGOs investigating alleged violations of human rights. Legally, NGOs must register with the Ministry of Interior and apply for permission to receive foreign grants.