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Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Recent Activity. Recent history Saved searches. Aziz MA 1 ,. Search articles by 'Amir Hasan Khan'. Khan AH 2 ,. Search articles by 'Andrea Pieroni'. Pieroni A 1. Affiliations 2 authors 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. RESULTS:Data from the reviewed studies showed that plant species corresponding to remedies have been used for treating domestic animals in Pakistan. The least known veterinary plants recorded in Pakistan were Abutilon theophrasti, Agrostis gigantea, Allardia tomentosa, Aristida adscensionis, Bothriochloa bladhii, Buddleja asiatica, Cocculus hirsutus, Cochlospermum religiosum, Cynanchum viminale, Dactylis glomerata, Debregeasia saeneb, Dichanthium annulatum, Dracocephalum nuristanicum, Flueggea leucopyrus, Launaea nudicaulis, Litsea monopetala, Sibbaldianthe bifurca, Spiraea altaica, and Thalictrum foetidum.
Free full text. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. Published online May PMID: Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Muhammad Abdul Aziz, Email: ti. Corresponding author. Received Jan 8; Accepted Apr 7. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in Pakistan.
Abstract Background Ethnoveterinary medicine is crucial in many rural areas of the world since people living in remote and marginal areas rely significantly on traditional herbal therapies to treat their domestic animals. Methods We considered the ethnobotanical data of Pakistan published in different scientific journals from to Results Data from the reviewed studies showed that plant species corresponding to remedies have been used for treating domestic animals in Pakistan. Conclusion The herbal ethnoveterinary heritage of Pakistan is remarkable, possibly because of the pastoral origins of most of its peoples.
Keywords: Medicinal plants, Ethnoveterinary, Pakistan, Pathans. Introduction Ethnoveterinary knowledge EVK is a complex body of elements, encompassing concepts, beliefs, practices, skills, and experiences, which are passed vertically or horizontally across generations mainly orally or via observation of practical skills , concerning animal well-being. Methods Selection of the ethnoveterinary herbal literature For this review, all published articles reporting medicinal plants used in traditional veterinary practices in Pakistan were considered.
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Statistical analysis Phillips and Gentry [ 20 ] adopted the following formula in order to analyze the cultural importance of botanical species:. Phytopharmacological review A comprehensive literature survey was carried out to review the pharmacological evidence for the least known medicinal plants reported in the reviewed ethnoveterinary studies and used in the country. Cross-cultural and cross-regional comparative analysis Data obtained from the selected articles were categorized into three major groups: a veterinary medicinal plants used by Pathan communities in mountainous regions; b veterinary medicinal plants used by non-Pathan communities in mountainous regions; and c veterinary medicinal plant used in plain areas.
Table 1 Ethnoveterinary studies of Pakistan considered in the current review. Cultural importance index CI was used to analyze the data. Ahmad et al. Ali et al. Informant consensus factor ICF was used to analyze the data. Badar et al. Data was not subjected to applied statistics.
Deeba et al. Data was gathered through unstructured interviews. Gathered data was not subjected to applied statistics. Dilshad et al.
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Data was not subjected to analysis using any ethnobotanical index. Farooq et al. Data was gathered using a well-structured questionnaire and through open-ended interviews and guided dialogue techniques.
Harun et al. Data was analyzed through relative frequency of citation RFC , pair wise comparison method PC , cluster analysis and descriptive statistics. Hussain et al. Information was collected through interviews and focus group discussions.
No ethnobotanical indices were used to analyze the data. Islam et al. Khan et al. Khattak et al. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using use value UV. Khuroo et al. Mirani et al.
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Muhammad et al. Mussarat et al. Informant consensus and fidelity level as well as direct matrix ranking were used to analyze the data. Raza et al. Raziq et al. Shah et al. Sher et al. Data was not analyzed using any ethnobotanical index. Sindhu et al. Tariq et al. Informant consensus and fidelity level were used to analyze the data. Ullah et al. Yousafzai et al. Open in a separate window. Results and discussion Herbal veterinary remedies of Pakistan In Pakistan, hundreds of medicinal plants are used for treating livestock in remote areas where access to modern drugs is limited and people have sufficient knowledge about traditional therapies.
Table 2 Preparations of the ethnoveterinary plant remedies of Pakistan. Table 3 Use values of the botanical families reported in ethnoveterinary herbal practices in Pakistan. Little-known veterinary plants of Pakistan Research on natural products is sometimes based on ethnobotanical information.
Abutilon theophrasti The pharmacology of Abutilon theophrasti has rarely been investigated and only one potential and relevant study was found which indicated that methanolic extracts of the species have useful antifungal effects against selected fungal species [ 72 ].
Aizoon canariense Looking at the pharmacological activities of different extracts of Aizoon canariense , it has been mentioned that they exhibit moderate scavenging activity, as well as antibacterial, antifungal [ 76 ], and antioxidant activity [ 77 ]. Anagallis arvensis Various extracts of Anagallis arvensis have shown strong antifungal activity [ 78 — 81 ]. Angelica glauca Previous studies revealed that butylidene phthalide, derived from Angelica glauca , possesses antispasmodic activity [ 85 ].
Cocculus hirsutus A variety of pharmacological activities have been exhibited by different extracts of Cocculus hirsutus , such as anti-diabetic activity [ 92 ], antihyperglycemic activity [ 93 ], anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [ 94 , 95 ], antimicrobial activity [ 96 ], diuretic activity, and laxative effects in different experiments [ 97 ].
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Cochlospermum religiosum The bioactive secondary metabolite myricetin was isolated from in vivo and in vitro tissue samples of Cochlospermum religiosum. Cynanchum viminale One study has demonstrated the effect of the aqueous extract of Cynanchum viminale leaves as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic in albino mice, which justify the traditional use of this plant [ ].
Debregeasia saeneb A study has demonstrated that Debregeasia saeneb exhibits potential anticancer activity [ ]. Dichanthium annulatum This plant has good anticancer effects [ ]. Flueggea leucopyrus The extract of this plant possesses significant antioxidant activity [ , ] and antiproliferative properties, and it induced apoptosis in HEp-2 cells [ ]. Litsea monopetala Different extracts of Litsea monopetala exhibit anticancer properties [ ] and antioxidant activity [ , ]. Silene villosa The methanolic extract of Silene villosa plays a protective role, while the alcoholic extract is active against CCl 4 -induced cardiac and renal toxicity in rats [ ].