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Dr Ade Toyin, a former case worker at the International Centre for the Advocacy of Rights to Health in Abuja, says substance abuse and self harm is common, and there is no help available. She pushed for her organisation to begin mental health therapy. Actually, in the three months that I was involved in the programme, we saw about 3, people.
Toyin explains that while there is a blanket need for mental health services, the few that exist in Nigeria are more available to men. But that has meant that their focus is largely on men, because HIV awareness is focused on gay men. She says relationships are rare.
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Men still have a greater freedom to be independent and find themselves. Mohammed is one of the few gay women now living openly in Nigeria. But I came back because this was something I want to fight to change. The legislators and senators were expecting a speech on the environment; Mohammed instead spoke on gay rights.
Afterwards, some said the bill was already passed so we should move on, others were calling for me to be arrested for being gay. But I know my rights, being gay is not yet illegal in Nigeria. Topics Global development. Reuse this content. Most popular. The constitution prohibits state and local governments from organizing their own police forces; however, state governors may direct federal police for local emergency actions.
The SSS is responsible for internal security and reports to the president through the national security advisor. Due to the police's inability to control societal violence, the government continued to rely on the army in some cases. The NPF committed human rights abuses and generally operated with impunity in the apprehension, illegal detention, and sometimes execution of criminal suspects. The SSS also committed human rights abuses, particularly in restricting freedom of speech and press.
Police officers themselves were not immune to harassment.
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He directed that she would no longer have government housing privileges and immediately evicted her with her belongings. According to AI's December report, only a fraction of the NPF annual budget reached state and local police stations, and the lack of funding contributed to many police failures.
Officers worked without basic equipment and sometimes made crime victims pay for the gasoline and stationery necessary to conduct an investigation. Such lack of resources contributed to corruption see section 4. Police and security forces have authority to arrest without warrant, if they have a reasonable suspicion that a person committed an offense, a power they often abused. By law police may detain persons for 48 hours before charging them with an offense. The law requires an arresting officer to inform the accused of charges at the time of arrest, to transport the accused to a police station for processing within a reasonable time, and to allow suspects to engage counsel and post bail.
However, police routinely detained suspects without informing them of the charges or allowing access to counsel and family members. Provision of bail was often arbitrary or subject to extrajudicial influence. Conditions of bail set by judges often were too stringent to be met. In many areas with no functioning bail system, suspects remained incarcerated indefinitely in investigative detention within the prison system. Detainees were kept incommunicado for long periods. Numerous detainees alleged that police demanded bribes to take them to court to have their cases heard.
If family members wanted to attend a trial, police often demanded additional payment. Persons who happened to be in the vicinity of a crime reportedly were held for interrogation for periods ranging from a few hours to several months. After their release, authorities frequently asked them to return for further questioning. Security forces arbitrarily arrested numerous persons during the year.
During the January to March fighting between ethnic groups in Plateau State, and, after the Jos bombings in December, authorities arrested hundreds of persons in Jos, many based on little or no evidence of involvement see sections 1. Some bystanders gained release within a few days; however, an unknown number of persons were held without bail or charges at year's end. Security forces detained journalists and demonstrators during the year see sections 2. The EFCC reportedly singled out political opponents of the governing party in its arrest and detention of state, local, and federal government officials on corruption charges during the year see sections 1.
On September 3, a combined team of police and soldiers in Ebonyi State arrested 14 suspected members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra for treason for holding a peaceful meeting and wearing shirts or caps with a Biafran insignia. At year's end there was no information on the status of these cases.
Lengthy pretrial detention remained a serious problem, and human rights groups reported that detainees awaiting trial constituted 73 percent of the prison population, with some awaiting trial more than 10 years. At year's end 35, pretrial detainees resided in the country's prisons, out of a total of 48, prisoners. Serious trial backlogs, endemic corruption, and undue political influence continued to hamper the judicial system.
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Multiple adjournments in some cases resulted in serious delays. Many detainees were denied trials because police lacked vehicles to transport them to court on their trial dates. In Makurdi prison, where 78 percent of prisoners were awaiting trial, pretrial detainees held a protest in November because so many were unable to make their court dates due to lack of transportation.
The NHRC reported that some detainees were held because authorities had lost their case files. Some state governments released inmates already detained for longer than the potential maximum sentence they would have received if they had been convicted. Although detainees had the right to submit complaints to the NHRC, the commission had no power to respond. Detainees could try to complain to the courts but often found this approach impossible. Even detainees with legal representation often waited years to gain access to the courts.
In April the attorney general created a prisons decongestion committee in response to controversies over the large number of inmates in prisons and the overstretched facilities.
The committee did not release the results of its work by year's end. On June 15, the National Economic Council announced a decision directing state governors to sign death warrants immediately for the death-row inmates in the country's prisons for the purpose of reducing overcrowding. Public opinion cited the lack of fair trials and citizens' rights of appeal. Authorities did not carry out the executions by year's end. During the week of August 23, the chief judge of Niger State made spot visits to state prisons as part of an annual effort to reduce overcrowded conditions.
He released inmates on several grounds, such as humanitarian and medical reasons, the weak legal cases of pretrial inmates, remorse, and good behavior while in prison. In August Lagos State Governor Babatunde Fashola granted amnesty to three death-row inmates; the sentences of 29 death-row inmates were commuted to life in prison, and eight others were commuted to various jail terms.
The governor stated he wanted to give the prisoners "hope of changing their behaviors and being rehabilitated into society. Although the constitution and law provide for an independent judiciary, the judicial branch remained susceptible to pressure from the executive, the legislative branch, and business.
Political leaders influenced the judiciary, particularly at the state and local levels. Understaffing, underfunding, inefficiency, and corruption continued to prevent the judiciary from functioning adequately. Judges frequently failed to appear for trials, often because they were pursuing other sources of income and sometimes because of threats against them. In addition, court officials often lacked the proper equipment, training, and motivation to perform their duties, with lack of motivation primarily due to inadequate compensation.
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During the year supreme court judges called for a more independent judiciary. The Ministry of Justice implemented strict requirements for the education and the length of service for judges at the federal and state level; however, there were no requirements or monitoring bodies for judges at the local level, which resulted in corruption and miscarriages of justice in those courts. The constitution also provides that the government establish a federal Sharia court of appeal and a final court of appeal, but these courts were not established by year's end.
The constitution provides that states may establish courts based on common-law or customary-law systems. The law also provides that states may elect to use the Sharia penal code in the courts. While Sharia courts have been in operation throughout the north for centuries, in Sharia courts were empowered to also hear criminal cases and pass sentences based on the Sharia penal code, which outlines "hadd" offenses and punishments, including caning, amputation, and death by stoning.
The nature of a case usually determined which court had jurisdiction. The return to the Sharia courts stemmed at least in part from inefficiency, expense, and corruption in the regular court system. Defendants have the right to challenge the constitutionality of Sharia criminal statutes through the common-law appellate courts; however, no challenges with adequate legal standing reached the common-law appellate system. The highest appellate court for Sharia remained the Supreme Court, staffed by common-law judges not required to have any formal training in the Sharia penal code.
The constitution provides for public trials in the regular court system and individual rights in criminal and civil cases. The law does not provide for juries. A defendant is presumed innocent and has the right to be present, confront witnesses, present evidence and witnesses, be represented by legal counsel, and have access to government-held evidence; however, these rights were not always respected. Although an accused person is entitled to counsel of his choice, there is no law preventing a trial from going forward without counsel, except for certain offenses for which the penalty is death.
The Legal Aid Act provides for the appointment of counsel in such cases and stipulates that a trial should not go forward without it. Defendants have the right of appeal. In both common-law and customary courts including Sharia , indigent persons without representation were more likely to have their sentences carried out immediately, although all convicted persons have the right to appeal.
Liturgical Press. Everybody has unique dating wants. The inauguration marked the first transition from one elected civilian presidential administration to another since the country gained independence from the United Kingdom in Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Learn more about consular services. They proceeded to hit the stopped cars with their rifle butts and then, angered because the traffic did not move, they began to flog drivers with the whips to clear the road.
The federal government instituted a panel of legal scholars in to draft a uniform Sharia penal code to replace divergent Sharia codes adopted by various northern states; however, the panel did not produce a report, and states continued to apply their individual codes. There were no legal provisions in common law barring women or other groups from testifying in civil or criminal proceedings or giving their testimony less weight, but the testimony of women and non-Muslims usually was accorded less weight in Sharia courts. Some "qadis" Sharia court judges allowed separate evidentiary requirements to prove adultery or fornication for male and female defendants.
For women pregnancy was deemed permissible evidence in some Sharia courts. By contrast men could only be convicted by confessing to the crime or by eyewitness testimony. Sharia courts provided women with certain benefits, including increased access to divorce, child custody, and alimony, as to get an audience in a Sharia court was significantly easier, faster, and cheaper than in a common law court.
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There was a lack of due process in numerous trials. For example, in April , the army convicted 27 enlisted soldiers who had served as UN peacekeepers of mutiny and sentenced them to life in prison; the soldiers had protested after officers had stolen their stipend during deployment. After the case garnered international media attention, prison guards took reprisals against the jailed soldiers.
The army reduced the sentences of the 27 to seven years.