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She personally led her own army and defeated the Song in , [54] fighting the retreating Chinese army. She then ordered the castration of around Chinese boys she had captured, supplementing the Khitan's supply of eunuchs to serve at her court, among them was Wang Ji'en. The boys were all under ten years old and were selected for their good looks. As with all parts of the Mongol Empire , Goryeo provided eunuchs to the Mongols. During the Miao Rebellions , the Ming Governor castrated thousands of Miao boys when their tribes revolted, and then gave them as slaves to various officials.
The Governor who ordered the castration of the Miao was reprimanded and condemned by the Ming Tianshun Emperor for doing it once the Ming government heard of the event. Zhu Shuang Prince of Qin , while he was high on drugs, had some Tibetan boys castrated, and Tibetan women seized after a war against minority Tibetan peoples. As a result he was denounced after he died from an overdose. On 30 January , the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to give them to the emperor.
The Yongle Emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.
An anti-pig slaughter edict led to speculation that the Zhengde Emperor adopted Islam due to his use of Muslim eunuchs who commissioned the production of porcelain with Persian and Arabic inscriptions in white and blue color. In Ming China, the royal palace acquired eunuchs from both domestic and foreign sources. The enemies of Ming China were castrated as a means of punishment when they are captured by the Ming army as prisoners. In Ming China, many men castrated themselves in order to be hired in the palace, when the only way for these men to enter into a life of privilege was through eunuchism.
Eunuchs in Ming China also played a critical role in the operation of the imperial palace. Their responsibilities varied in significance with jobs that included almost every aspect of everyday routine in the imperial palace. Some of their responsibilities were procuring copper, tin, wood, and iron. Also, they had to repair and construct ponds, castle gates, and palaces in major cities like Beijing and Nanjing , and the mansions and mausolea in the living spaces of imperial relatives. Taking care of the animals in the palace was another one of their jobs. In a word, the eunuchs' work was the cornerstone of the palace's daily operation, and they were responsible for the Emperor and his relatives' comfortable life.
The eunuchs also highly associated with other lower ranking occupations in the royal palace.
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For example, some eunuchs would have special relationships with serving women in the palace. Some eunuchs would form a partnership with serving women in order to support each other, which was called a "vegetarian couple" Duishi. The eunuchs also had an opportunity to rise to higher ranks. For example, the duties and jobs of eunuchs gradually changed in Ming dynasty.
In the Hongwu Emperor 's time, the Emperor decreed that the eunuchs were to be kept in small numbers and of minimal literacy to prevent them from seizing power. There were even an eunuch supervised secret police, which worked for the emperor. It was known as the Eastern Depot and Western Depot. However, the reputation of eunuchs was controversial in Ming China. Chinese bureaucrat-scholars always depicted eunuchs negatively as greedy, evil, cunning, and duplicitous. This bad reputation may be explained by the fact that the eunuchs, in order to get employment in the royal palace or official houses, needed to be castrated.
Castration gave the eunuchs the license to work in the palace or official houses in Ming China because the officials and the Emperor in Ming China usually kept many concubines. A son who could not have a male heir to carry on the family name contradicted Confucian ideology. Another stereotypical view of eunuchs in the palace was that they exceeded their power in areas they did not belong. Or that the eunuchs did unpleasant work.
For example, they were spies for emperors or officials. The Yongle emperor gave the eunuchs the authority to be in charge in the implementation of political tasks. As the eunuchs' presence and power grew, they gradually took over the duties of female palace musicians and become the dominant musicians in the Ming palace. While eunuchs were employed in all Chinese dynasties, their number decreased significantly under the Qing, and the tasks they performed were largely replaced by the Imperial Household Department. China was such a poor country that countless men willingly became eunuchs in order to live a better life.
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The Emperor Puyi recalled in his memoirs of growing up in the Forbidden City that: "By the age of 11, flogging eunuchs was part of my daily routine. My cruelty and love of power were already too firmly set for persuasion to have any effect on me Whenever I was in a bad temper the eunuchs would be in for trouble. After the revolution of —12 that toppled the Qing, the last emperor, Puyi, continued to live in the Forbidden City with his eunuchs as if the revolution had never happened while receiving financial support from the new Chinese republic until when the former Emperor and his entourage were expelled from the Forbidden City by the warlord General Feng Yuxiang.
In , after a case of arson that Puyi believed was started to cover the theft of his Imperial treasures, Puyi expelled all of the eunuchs from the Forbidden City. The sons and grandsons of the Tajik rebel, Yaqub Beg , in China were all castrated.
Surviving members of Yaqub Beg's family included 4 sons, 4 grandchildren 2 grandsons and 2 granddaughters , and 4 wives. They either mostly died in prison in Lanzhou , Gansu, or were killed. They were all underage children, and put on trial, sentenced to an agonizing death if they were complicit in their father's rebellious "sedition", or if they were innocent of their fathers' crimes, were to be sentenced to castration and serve as eunuch slaves to Chinese troops, when they reached 11 years old. They were handed over to the Imperial Household to be executed or castrated.
The first recorded appearance of a Korean eunuch was in Goryeosa "History of Goryeo" , a compilation about the Goryeo period. They also took the exam on Confucianism every month. During the Yuan dynasty , eunuchs became a desirable commodity for tributes , and dog bites were replaced by more sophisticated surgical techniques.
Eunuchs were the only males outside the royal family allowed to stay inside the palace overnight. Court records going back to indicate that the average lifespan of eunuchs was The Vietnamese adopted the eunuch system and castration techniques from China. Records show that the Vietnamese performed castration in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade.
The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off. The genitals would be washed with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. In other cases they might be paid to become eunuchs. They served in many capacities, from supervising public works, to investigating crimes, to reading public proclamations. A boy student was given money in exchange for becoming a eunuch by Tran Canh in since many men castrated themselves to become eunuchs during the Tran and Ly dynasties.
During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam , the Ming Chinese under the Yongle Emperor castrated many young Vietnamese boys, choosing them for their handsomeness and ability, and brought them to Nanjing to serve as eunuchs. A large amount of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam happened during his reign. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become eunuch slaves to the Vietnamese.
It has been speculated by modern historians that the Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in trade between China and Vietnam instead of actually being blown off course by the wind and they were punished as part of a crackdown on foreign trade by Vietnam. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured. A entry in the Ming Shilu , reported that some Chinese from Nanhai county escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military.
The escapees also reported that they found out that up to Chinese men remained captive in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. Twelve of them were enslaved as agricultural laborers, while Wu Rui, the only one still young, was castrated and became a eunuch attendant at the Vietnamese Imperial Palace in Thang Long.
After years of service, upon the death of the Vietnamese ruler in , he was promoted to a military position in northern Vietnam. There, a soldier told him of an escape route back to China through which Wu Rui then escaped to Longzhou. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang Magistrate, then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace.
Commoners were banned from undergoing castration in Vietnam. Only adult men of high social rank could be castrated. Most eunuchs were born as such with a congenital abnormality.

The Vietnamese government mandated that boys born with defective genitalia were to be reported to officials, in exchange for the town being freed from mandatory labor requirements. The boy would have the option of serving as a eunuch official or serving the palace women when he became ten years old. The presence of eunuchs in Vietnam was used by the French colonizers to degrade the Vietnamese. In the Ottoman Empire , eunuchs were typically slaves imported from outside their domains.
A fair proportion of male slaves were imported as eunuchs. These were of two categories: black eunuchs and white eunuchs. Black eunuchs were African slaves who served the concubines and officials in the Harem together with chamber maidens of low rank. The white eunuchs were Europeans from the Balkans or the Caucasus , either purchased in the slave markets or taken as boys from Christian families in the Balkans who were unable to pay the Jizya tax.
They served the recruits at the Palace School and were from prohibited from entering the Harem.
In control of both the Harem and a net of spies among the black eunuchs, the Chief Eunuch was involved in almost every palace intrigue and thereby could gain power over either the sultan or one of his viziers, ministers, or other court officials. The act emasculation made Ottoman rule much hated by many Christians in the Balkans. Coptic castration of slaves was discussed by Peter Charles Remondino , in his book History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present , [] published in He adds details not mentioned by Andrews such as the insertion of bamboo into the victim.
Bamboo was used with Chinese eunuchs.