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Juiz de Fora. Manaus - Amazonas. Porto Alegre. Porto Velho. Rio de Janeiro. Salvador de Bahia. Santos Sao Paulo. Sao Jose - Santa Catarina. Ecol Econ ; 25 3 Underreporting bias was minimized by grouping cases into five-year periods.
The homicide rate per , population was therefore calculated by dividing the year study period into three five-year periods to , to ,and to in order to make the results more robust, comparable, and representative and to facilitate spatial visualization. Censo gay [Internet].
O Globo [Internet]. Rapport Seksuele gezondheid in Nederland [Internet]. Utrecht: Rutgers Nisso Groep; [cited Aug 12]. London: YouGov; [cited Aug 12]. Discriminazioni in base al genere, all'orientamento sessuale e all'appartenenza etnica [Internet]. Roma: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica; [cited Aug 12]. London: Pion; Statistics Notes: Quartiles, quintiles, centiles, and other quantiles. BMJ ; : The calculation of the rates and mapping were performed using R 3.
Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika ; 37 Map Resolution and Spatial Autocorrelation. Geogr Anal ; 23 3 Some studies 32 32 Bivand R. Environ Plan A ; 31 1 Kernel maps were created to identify spatial patterns of homicide rates across regions. The maps were plotted using interpolation methods, showing the point intensity of the phenomenon across the study area at a scale of ,, thus providing a general overview of the intensity of LGBT homicide rates across Brazil 34 34 Bailey TC, Gatrell AC.
Interactive spatial data analysis. Wiley; Finally, this ecological study analyzed data for the period to — the most recent available data — in order to achieve more reliable results, thus bringing our estimations as close to reality as possible. Over half the sample Over half of homosexual homicides were committed in small towns and cities Over half the victims were white Almost half of the perpetrators were aged between 20 and 29 years Over half of transgender homicides occurred in small towns and cities Almost half of the victims Half of the identified perpetrators were aged between 20 and 29 years Overall, over half the crimes Over half Almost half of the identified perpetrators were aged between 20 to 29 years It is important to note that there was limited information on perpetrators, primarily due to the underreporting of these crimes.
The rise in LGBT homicides in Brazil becomes all the more evident when we observe the spatial evolution of homicide rates across municipalities in the period to The number of towns and cities that recorded LGBT homicides increased from in the period and 2.
The capitals with the greatest positive variation between the periods to and to were Porto Alegre Eighteen of these municipalities showed an average homicide rate above that of Pouso Alegre for the period to The municipalities with the greatest positive variation between the periods to and to were Dourados It is important to note that three states were discarded for the period to because they showed homicide rates equal to zero. Thus, these findings should not be interpreted in isolation as if these homicides were a social phenomenon specific to each particular state.
To provide an overview of the growth in homicide rates across Brazil, we created kernel maps for each period using quartiles, where the darker the area the higher the rate. The maps show that higher homicide rates tend to be concentrated in and around metropolitan areas Figure 3. This study is pioneering in so far as it presents more robust information about LGBT homicides in Brazil.
The number of homicides in the country has increased steadily over the study period due to a lack of policies to combat violence against LGBT people 12 12 Mott L, Michels E. Although the criminalization of homophobia alone will not resolve this problem, a recent law specifically addressing such discrimination is a first step forward in reducing violence against thisgroup 11 11 Mott L. Our findings therefore shed much needed light on a little known reality often ignored by the government and policymakers.
One of the key findings of the study is that homicide rates were similar between capitals and smaller towns and cities, which has not been described by other studies. Int Rev Vict ; 9 3 Sex Salud Soc ; 23 Killing gay men, Br J Criminol ; 47 4 J Interpers Violence ; 26 15 : J Interpers Violence ; 30 16 Crim Justice Behav ; 41 9 Physis Rio J ;16 2 Mortality by homicide in homosexuals: characterization of the cases registered in Mexico between and Am J Forensic Med Pathol ; 29 1 J Interpers Violence ; 27 18 : The crimes also tended to involve more than one blow or shot, suggesting that they are hate crimes 14 14 Mott L, Cerqueira M, Almeida C.
With regard to victims, male homosexuals and transgender people were the most affected 38 38 Boivin RR. A report from the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and hiv-affected hate violence in - release edition [Internet]. New York: Arcus Foundation; [cited Sep 11]. Victims were typically white 12 12 Mott L, Michels E. The large majority of identified perpetrators were aged under 30 years 37 37 Mouzos J, Thompson S. Rev Bras Estud Popul ; 30 Supl. A comparison with homicide rates among the general population during the period to shows the same pattern, with the exception of the State of Pernambuco, where rates decreased Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; This means that the number of LGBT homicides has increased 13 times more than the number of homicides among the general population 53 53 Brasil.
TabNet Win32 3. It is important to highlight that LGBT homicide rates do not show a seasonal pattern, varying by month, year, region, and city and failing to show a dominant pattern over the years 12 12 Mott L, Michels E. Given the complexity of this issue, this action alone is not enough to solve this public health problem, but constitutes an important step forward in drawing increased public attention to homophobia. We believe that, despite resorting to non-official data sources, this study achieved its objective, bringing to light valuable new information.
To our knowledge, this research is the first comprehensive study of this problem in the world, providing greater visibility to such a common crime in this country. It is important to highlight that the data provided by the GGB was revised and corrected where necessary.