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In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. China has a significant population of MSM men who have sex with men and they have been becoming very much alive in many ways since s due to recent social changes. Some surveys indicate that great many of MSM are engaged in high-risk behaviors. In addition, majority of MSM have also experienced sexual encounters with women sometimes in their lives, which possibly contribute to spread of HIV to women. Fortunately, many cities in China have seen that MSM were in cooperation with responsible institutions carrying out certain intervention measures.
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The general situation is promising. The authors forecast that the fast HIV spread among MSM of China could possibly be halted within several years when the authorities become more sensible to this issue, health service institutions offer unswerving efforts toward the MSM community and those who involve in MSM undertakes necessary responsibilities.

The term MSM men who have sex with men was introduced into mainland China in Homosexuals, without identifying gender, were used previously to describe MSM by authorities, the public and even professionals. MSM accounts for 0. First set of data regarding demographic information of MSM of China mainland was introduced in Some sociologists found that 7. A survey in Shanghai reported 8. According to some home and abroad surveys issued in , by , China may have as much as 18 million Another report predicted million of gay and lesbian in China 7.
A rigidly designed large-sample survey in found that 2. Surveys on male college students conducted in the same period concluded that A report published collaboratively by sociologists and psychohealth experts in predicated at least 30 million of gay and lesbian in China From s through mids, MSM in China had no venues for communication. But some young men in some rural areas had relatively active same-sex activities due to some special folk custom In the late s, some MSM venues emerged in toilets or parks in major cities.
By mids, open gay bars appeared in Beijing and then found their way to other cities. Some major cities even have gay bathrooms and gay dancing halls and underground clubs, causing a shrinking of venues as toilets and parks. By June , there were plus nationwide or local gay websites 12 , some were co-sponsored by Chinese both home and abroad. Most local websites offer personal advertisement service. By mid, number of people accessing internet has climbed to 0. There is a gigantic MSM community on the internet. A survey to be published found that about In particular, aftermath of spread of HIV in China differs from those in developed nations, because MSM in developed nations scarcely had sex or get married with women and the spread is confined to MSM community The above circumstance indicates that spread of HIV among MSM in China may directly trespass to female population this kind of transmission has been seen in several internally circulated bulletins from early s to date.
A gap between understanding and practice of safe sex was tremendous. Reasons for reluctant to using condom are: reducing pleasure, no risk for infection of HIV, my sex partner is healthy 18 , A survey in found that In the previous year 8. In the same period a survey performed in a provincial capital in northeast China revealed that In the previous 6 months, average number of sex partner was Only MSM respondents to above data aged 30 on average, living in major cities; half of them had college education background.
Several other episodes of surveys on MSM obtained similar results as the 's. MSM in some avant-garde major cities used condoms more frequently and had more chances of being tested with HIV A survey conducted in in five major cities with similar population told effects of geographic and cultural background onto activities of MSM.
In a hip major city located in a plain surrounded by seven middle-sized cities, about men of MSM attended gay venues in weekends of summer, while in another city in a peninsula with conservatives predominant, only men of MSM do so Even those never haunted gay venues and those who had one-to-one partner universally had high-risk behaviors 25 , MSM of ethnic minorities were more prone to have sex with women compared to those of Han nationality MSM who self-identified as bisexual had female sex partner number more than absolute gays and experienced less unprotected passive anal intercourse than absolute gays.
Bisexuals less frequently used condoms when had sex with women than with men It was sociologists, physicians and writers that first turned their eyes to male sex workers MSW serving MSM, asserting that number of MSW was beyond estimate of the public and police 29 , 30 , Researches from international peers suggested that psychological health of MSM relates to social discrimination and social discrimination relates to occurrence of high-risk behaviors 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , A survey found that Another survey found that anxiety and depression rates in gay bar attendants was Those having sex before 16 years old had more sex partners and more episodes of reprimand in their adulthood.
Those did not favor male identity and acted as female role in sex were more prone to passive anal intercourse, strongly associated with cross-gender psycho-behavior situation in early childhood. Those experienced forced intercourse and drug abuse were the most dangerous two subgroups in sexual behavior. Those experienced sex with women had more cumulative sex partners and more chances for group sex.
MSM with pedophilia and gerontophilia inner being had more chances having sex with casual sex partners. Discrimination to MSM was associated with suicide attempt and practice Infection cases of HIV among MSM in China initially were only seen in official documents and hospital reports sporadically and accidentally. A subtype and sequence analysis of the C2-V3 region of env gene of gleaned blood samples during among HIV-1 infected gay in Beijing found that it was B subtype of HIV-1 that dominated infected MSM in China, whose origin was from Europe or America, having lasted for about 10 years Positive rate of HIV was 1.
The positive rate for the married was 2. In another three cities in peninsula or less avant-garde areas , no HIV infection was found, however, some cases of HIV infection or onset of AIDS emerged around the surveys, let alone some results closed in closet. The above data indicate that in China mainland that has vast area and population, HIV spread situation among MSM varies with geographic and social elements.
For instance, a survey on attendants to gay bar in a provincial capital neighboring Henan province, which is well-known for its AIDS-epidemic due to paid blood donation, the infection rate of the attendants was 4. A survey conducted in Beijing in found that Another survey reported a STI rate of The constituent ratio of STI was gonorrhea Another survey found that The constituent ratio was similar to that of the general public Another test on MSW found that although none of the tested was positive for HIV, the positive rate for genital tract chlamydia trachomatis was They orchestrated health education activities and offered the first hotline for AIDS help 52 , Unfortunately, their activities were suspended in and related books and articles were banned.
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Nevertheless, during this period, a book named Their World came out in , which was written by scholars on sociology described lives of 49 gays living in Beijing; and an academic work named Homosexuality came out whose author was a dermatologist Beichuan ZHANG. In , a mini-seminar on homosexuality and AIDS, organized by scholars on life ethics, was attended by professionals, MSM and governmental officers. The program offers a bimonthly internal pamphlet named Friend Exchange , serving MSM, scholars and the authorities 56 , providing information on news, AIDS control and prevention, academic articles, and essays written by gays and lesbians.
Publication of articles with topics on MSM was prohibited from in the Chinese academic journals until They only can be seen in internal official or non-official materials. Its potential significance in the prevention and control of AIDS was further elaborated It was regarded as a milestone indicating a transfer of backbone undertaker of intervention work from academic circle to MSM community From to date, about 20 major cities have established workshops principally comprised of MSM and technically assisted by some professionals.
The workshops have their own offices and relatively full-time personnel serving outdoors service at gay venues, hotline help, and fellowship activities aimed at raising awareness of AIDS. The workshops fall apart into several types: 1 teams in the charge of MSM: Chengdu and Shenyang; 2 teams in the charge of health service professionals: Chongqing and Shanghai; 3 teams in the charge of local authorities: Zhejiang and Heilongjiang.
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