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More by Timmy Shen. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. This site, like many others, uses small files called cookies to help us improve and customize your experience. Learn more about how we use cookies in our cookie policy. Skip to content. A statement released by the Early Rain Church said authorities had questioned and pressured more than half of the signatories. Reportedly, authorities also raided and shut down churches because their pastors had signed the joint declaration.
Attorney Li Guisheng said the court revoked the status of lawyers defending Christians in a similar case in Fengqing County, Yunnan Province. As part of a case that involved more than Christians in Yunnan Province, authorities arrested Tu in , and held her in a detention center for more than 20 months before sentencing her. On November 16, Crux reported that Catholic bishop Peter Shao Zhumin of Wenzhou, recognized by the Vatican but not government authorities, had again been taken into custody.
Authorities denied knowledge of his whereabouts. News sources said security officials detained Shao before Holy Week April and held him five days. Authorities again subsequently detained Shao in May and released him on January 3, Authorities have detained Shao several times since September , reportedly to prevent him from assuming control of Wenzhou Diocese following the death of Bishop Vincent Zhu Weifan.
According to the report, a source said authorities detained Lu because they wanted to replace him at the Qingtian church with a priest from the CCPA. Media reported police detained Vincenzo Guo Xijin, the Vatican-appointed bishop of the Mindong area of Fujian Province, on March 26 after he reportedly declined to jointly lead an Easter ceremony with government-approved Bishop Vincenzo Zhan Silu, who was not recognized by the Holy See. Police released him the next day. On June 3, police arrested a Baptist preacher Liang Ziliang and his wife, Li Yinxiu, in Heshan, Guangdong Province, for distributing brochures about Christianity and carrying banners protesting abortion in a local park, according to ChinaAid.
Authorities held the couple at a detention center for several days. Radio Free Asia reported in July that authorities in Sichuan Province detained two Tibetan businessmen after they found the men in possession of photographs of the Dalai Lama. At times, the closures reportedly were because the group or its activities were unregistered and other times because the place of worship reportedly lacked necessary permits.
Some local governments continued to restrict the growth of unregistered Protestant church networks and cross-congregational affiliations. Some officials reportedly still denied the existence of unregistered churches. Although SARA said family and friends had the right to worship together at home — including prayer and Bible study — without registering with the government, authorities still regularly harassed and detained small groups that did so.
In implementing the new regulations on religious affairs, authorities required unregistered religious groups to disband, leaving their congregations with the sole option of attending services under a state-sanctioned religious leader, rather than allow it to alter its legal status as an intact religious community. ChinaAid reported that after the religious affairs regulations went into effect on February 1, officials in 19 towns in Henan Province went door-to-door, urging Christians to attend the government-sponsored TSPM-affiliated Church instead of unregistered churches.
Reportedly, many Christians subsequently met secretly in their homes, afraid of public security agents. According to Bitter Winter , since March, authorities shut down at least 40 unregistered churches across Liaoning Province in cities such as Donggang, Anshan, Dandong, and Shenyang. Citing the new regulations, the officials told congregants they were conducting religious activities at an unregistered location and ordered them to attend religious services at a TSPM church instead.
Authorities warned congregants authorities would arrest them if they did not comply. On February 4, police shut down another house church in Qingxi Town, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, and dismissed more than 80 congregation members, warning them against future assembly.
A church elder surnamed Yi said more than police officers entered the church and detained some church members who tried to stop them shutting it down. Radio Free Asia reported in February that authorities in Shenzhen ordered a 3,member Protestant church, the Shekou One Country International Church, to close after a fire and safety inspection. Also in February, authorities in Henan Province fined a Protestant house church in Yuzhou, citing violations of building and safety regulations, and stating the building was an illegal structure because the church failed to obtain required permissions when it was built.
A local source reportedly said local Muslims had submitted the right paperwork to register the mosques but were unsuccessful, and that the local state-sanctioned Islamic Association of China IAC approved of the closures. According to a Radio Free Asia report, local believers in Henan said authorities demolished or shut down over churches and crosses in August. ChinaAid reported that on September 9, approximately officials from the religious affairs and public security bureaus attempted to break into Dali Christian Church, in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, but more than church members stopped them.
Bitter Winter reported that from October 28 to November 1, authorities shut down or sealed off 35 Buddhist temples and memorial temples in the city of Xinmi, Henan Province. ChinaAid reported that on Sunday, January 14, more than 20 government agents closed an unregistered church in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, interrupting a service led by Lou Siping. They informed the Christians gathered there that the building had not been registered and took 30 church members to the police station for questioning. Bitter Winter reported the United Front Work Department of Shaanxi Province issued a document outlining a campaign against Buddhist and Daoist religious sites in the Qinling Mountains that the department said violated construction or processing regulations.
Several monks who lived at the temple were left homeless and, according to Bitter Winter sources, local villagers were not allowed to admit monks into their homes. Theresa Convent on December Nuns living at the convent received an eviction notice on the morning of December 18, and by p. According to the report, church members said they believed authorities destroyed the convent to put pressure on congregations not registered with the government.
A number of Catholic churches and bishops appointed by the pope remained unable to register with the CCPA. The government and the Holy See still did not have diplomatic relations, and the Vatican had no representative in the country. Neither provided details of the provisional agreement. The existing government regulation on the Election and Consecration of Bishops requires candidate bishops to publicly pledge to support the CCP. The Vatican subsequently appointed two of these men to lead dioceses and appointed the bishops it had formerly appointed in those dioceses including Bishop Gua of Mingdon as auxiliary bishops.
Unofficially, authorities tolerated members of foreigner groups meeting for private religious celebrations. These regulations, which would apply to religious activities of groups containing 50 or more foreigners, would update regulations last issued in The draft amendments stipulate where groups may hold religious activities, who can preside over and attend these activities, and who would be responsible for reporting activities to authorities and what kind of information about the participants they would be required to provide.
To obtain approval for their activities, groups would need to name three representatives who do not possess diplomatic immunity. Foreign groups would need to allow the corresponding state-sanctioned religious association to assign a Chinese religious professional to preside over the function. All other Chinese citizens would be barred from attending the activities of these foreign groups. As of the end of the year, SARA had not announced the implementation of these regulations. Government-accredited religious personnel had to conduct such activities and only in government-approved places of religious activity.
SARA continued to maintain statistics on registered religious groups. This report stated there were 91 religious schools in the country approved by SARA, including nine Catholic schools. This report also stated there were six national level religious colleges.
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The Vatican did not previously recognize eight of these bishops, and had excommunicated three of them. In some locations, local authorities reportedly pressured unregistered Catholic priests and believers to renounce all ordinations approved by the Holy See. The SCIO report also estimated there were 35, mosques, 57, imams, and 10 Quran institutes religious seminaries under the auspices of IAC in the country. They also closely monitored and sometimes blocked the ability of religious leaders to meet freely with foreigners.
Religious scholars said they interpreted this statement as informal guidance for Christians to curtail all interactions with international Christian groups. Bitter Winter reported that in September at least 20 churches in Dengzhou City and more than churches in Luoyang City, including some government-approved TSPM churches, were repurposed to suit government needs. According to sources, Northeast China had fewer unregistered churches than other parts of the country.
While still strictly controlled, the northeastern religious groups had reportedly enjoyed relatively more autonomy over their sermons and practices in past years. Sources indicated that authorities closed some Sunday schools in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang Provinces. According to sources, until July authorities in Northeast China rarely enforced a rule preventing churches from holding services for minors under the age of Until recently, the updated religion regulations mainly affected unregistered churches.
In July authorities began scrutinizing registered churches in Liaoning more strictly, including pressuring young adults over the age of 18 not to attend church services.
Some churches reported also shutting down their college student services. There were reports of government officials, companies, and education authorities compelling members of house churches and other Christians to sign documents renouncing their Christian faith and church membership. Between April and August, local security personnel approached nearly members of Zion Church in Beijing and pressured members to sign a document renouncing their church membership as well as their Christian faith. Radio Free Asia reported that in mid-September, the CCP took further steps to implement the ban on religious activity among government employees, including schoolteachers and medical personnel.
According to local Christians, authorities were asking teachers working in high schools in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Henan Provinces to sign a letter pledging to hold no religious beliefs. Christian believers said the crackdown on religious beliefs among teachers came alongside pressure on students, who are required to submit to an interview with school authorities if they declare religious beliefs on mandatory forms.
Political observers commented that provincial education laws in Catamarca, Cordoba, La Pampa, and San Luis Provinces had similar provisions that could come under judicial review. European type- approval test procedure for evaporative emissions from passenger cars against real-world mobility data from two Italian provinces. In FY , a draft accelerated leach test for solidified waste was written. Graphing routines are performed by dGE tm graphics library. ChinaAid leadership said this marked the first time since the Cultural Revolution that Christians had been compelled to make such declarations, under the fear of expulsion from school and the loss of welfare benefits. ETEC testing of three check valves 4-inch, 6-inch, and inch nominal diameters indicates that leak rate testing is not a reliable method for detecting impending valve failure. Some churches reported also shutting down their college student services.
World Watch Monitor , an online news site reporting on Christianity, reported in April that teachers forced more than Christian children in two high schools in Zhejiang Province to fill out a form stating they did not adhere to any religion. According to the report, the children were given a questionnaire about their faith and pressured to write they had no religion.
Those who did not comply reportedly were denied access to opportunities at school and faced the potential threat of not receiving certificates of completion, which would make them unable to attend college.
In May ChinaAid reported education authorities in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, asked students to state the religious beliefs of their families. After identifying students whose parents were Catholic or another Christian denomination, authorities visited the parents in their homes to persuade them to give up their religious beliefs. According to pastors and a group that monitors religion in China, the government was ordering Christians to sign papers renouncing their faith.
The New York Post reported in September that ChinaAid leadership released video footage of what appeared to be piles of burning Bibles and forms stating that signatories renounced their Christian faith. ChinaAid leadership said this marked the first time since the Cultural Revolution that Christians had been compelled to make such declarations, under the fear of expulsion from school and the loss of welfare benefits.
According to the South China Morning Post, cities throughout Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in north-central China reported efforts by authorities to replace Islamic structures and symbols with traditional Chinese iconography. Individuals in Yinchuan reported bright red lamps with Chinese cloud designs replacing gray lamp posts with Islamic motifs and two round flat rings in the style of Chinese jade discs replacing two large crescent moon sculptures.
The local government banned Arab-style mosques and set out plans to convert existing mosques to resemble Chinese temples. Radio Free Asia reported in August that state-sanctioned religious associations had proposed a measure that would require all places of worship to fly the national flag.